Zog of Albania
| Zog I, Skanderbeg III | |
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| King of the Albanians | |
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| Term | 26 December 1922 – 25 February 1924 |
| Predecessor | Xhafer Bej Ypi |
| Successor | Shefqet Bej Vërlaci |
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| Term | 6 January 1925 – 1 September 1928 |
| Predecessor | Iliaz Bej Vrioni |
| Successor | Koço Kota |
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| Term | 1 February 1925 – 1 September 1939 |
| Predecessor | New Post |
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| Reign | 1 September 1928 – 7 April 1939 |
| Predecessor | Monarchy established |
| Successor | Victor Emmanuel III of Italy |
| Consort | Géraldine Apponyi de Nagyappony |
| Issue | |
| Leka, Crown Prince of Albania | |
| Full name | |
| Ahmet Zogu | |
| House | House of Zogu |
| Father | Xhemal Pasha Zogu |
| Mother | Sadijé Toptani |
| Born | 8 October 1895 Castle Burgajet, Albania |
| Died | 9 April 1961 (aged 65) Suresnes, Paris, France |
| Religion | Islam |
Zog I, Skanderbeg III of the Albanians[1][2] (born Ahmet Muhtar Bej Zogolli, later changed to Ahmet Muhtar Bej Zogu) ( 8 October 1895 – 9 April 1961), was King of the Albanians from 1928 to 1939. He was previously Prime Minister of Albania (1922–1924) and President of Albania (1925–1928).
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Background and early political career
Zog was born Ahmet Muhtar (Ahmad Mukhtar)[3] Bej Zogolli in Burgajet Castle, near the town of Burrel in Albania, second son to Xhemal Pasha Zogolli, and first son by his second wife Sadijé Toptani in about 1895. His family was a beylik family of landowners, with feudal authority over the region of Mati. His mother's Toptani family claimed to be descended from the sister of Albania's greatest national hero, the 15th-century general Skanderbeg.
Zogolli was educated at Lycée Impérial de Galatasaray in Constantinople,[2] then the seat of the decaying Ottoman Empire, which technically controlled Albania. Upon his father's death in about 1908, Zogolli, became governor of Mat. He was appointed over his elder brother Xhelal Bey Zogolli.
As a young man during the First World War, Zogolli volunteered on the side of Austria-Hungary. He was detained at Vienna in 1917 and 1918 and in Rome in 1918 and 1919 before returning to Albania in 1919. During his time in Vienna, he grew to enjoy a Western European lifestyle and was rumoured to be very popular among the Viennese women.
Upon his return, Zogolli became involved in the political life of the fledgling Albanian government that had been created in the wake of the First World War. His political supporters included many southern feudal landowners (called beys, Turkish for "province chieftain", the social group to which he belonged) and noble families in the north, along with merchants, industrialists, and intellectuals. During the early 1920s, Zog served as Governor of Shkodër (1920–1921), Minister of the Interior (March-November 1920, 1921–1924), and chief of the Albanian military (1921–1922). His primary rivals were Luigj Gurakuqi and Fan S. Noli.
In 1922, Zogolli formally changed his surname from the Turkish Zogolli to Zogu, which in the Albanian language means "bird".
It was a dangerous time to be an Albanian politician. In 1923, Zogu was shot and wounded in Parliament. A crisis arose in 1924 after the assassination of one of Zogu's industrialist opponents, Avni Rustemi; in the aftermath, a leftist revolt forced Zogu, along with 600 of his allies, into exile in June 1924. He returned to Albania with the backing of Yugoslav forces and Yugoslavia-based White Russian troops and became Prime Minister.
President of Albania
Zogu was officially elected as the first President of Albania by the Constituent Assembly on 21 January 1925, taking office on 1 February for a seven-year term. Zogu's government followed the European model, though large parts of Albania still maintained a social structure unchanged from the days of Ottoman rule, and most villages were serf plantations run by the Beys.
On 28 June 1925, Zogu ceded Sveti Naum to Yugoslavia as a gesture of recognition to the Yugoslav aid to him.[4]
Zogu enacted several major reforms. These included the prohibition of veils and prohibitions against cruelty to animals. Zogu's principal ally during this period was Italy, which lent his government funds in exchange for a greater role in Albania's fiscal policy. During Zogu's presidency, serfdom was gradually eliminated. For the first time since the death of Skanderbeg, Albania began to emerge as a nation, rather than a feudal patchwork of local Beyliks. His administration was marred by disputes with Kosovar leaders, primarily Hasan Prishtina and Bajram Curri.
Albanian King
On 1 September 1928 General Zogu was crowned King of the Albanians (Mbret i Shqiptarëve in Albanian), and declared Field Marshal of the Royal Albanian Army on the same day. He proclaimed a constitutional monarchy similar to the contemporary regime in Italy, created a strong police force, and instituted the Zogist salute (flat hand over the heart with palm facing downwards). He claimed to be a successor of Skanderbeg, through descent through Skanderbeg's sister. Zog hoarded gold coins and precious stones, which were used to back Albania's first paper currency.
Zog's mother, Sadije, was declared Queen Mother of Albania, and Zog also gave his brother and sisters Royal status as Prince and Princesses Zogu. One of his sisters, Senije, Princess Zogu (c1897–1969), married His Imperial Highness Prince Shehzade Mehmed Abid Efendi of Turkey, a son of Sultan Abdul Hamid II.
Zog attempted to reinforce his regime's legitimacy further by ruling as a constitutional monarch. His kingdom's constitution forbade any Prince of the Royal House from serving as Prime Minister or a member of the Cabinet and contained provisions for the potential extinction of the Royal Family. Ironically, in light of later events, the constitution also forbade the union of the Albanian throne with that of any other country. Under the Zogist constitution, the King of the Albanians, like the King of the Belgians, exercised Royal powers only after taking an oath before Parliament; Zog himself swore an oath on the Bible and the Qur'an (the king being Muslim) in an attempt to unify the country.
In 1929, King Zog abolished Islamic law in Albania, adopting in its place a civil code based on the Swiss one, as Ataturk's Turkey had done in the same decade.[5]
Zog's regime brought stability to Albania. The King organised an educational system and attempted to modernize the Albanian military, though the costs involved in this project were high.
Life as King
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Reverse and obverse of a Zogian one-franc coin
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Although born as an aristocrat and hereditary Bey, King Zog was somewhat ignored by other monarchs in Europe because he had no links to the well-known European royal families. Nonetheless, he did have strong connections with Muslim royal families in the Arab World, particularly Egypt, whose ruling dynasty had Albanian origins. As King, he was honoured by the governments of Italy, Luxembourg, Egypt, Yugoslavia, France, Romania, Greece, Belgium, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Austria.[2] In the absence of nightclubs or theatres in Tirana, the King spent much of his time playing poker, usually with his sisters. He was also a heavy smoker, smoking about 150 cigarettes a day.[6]
Zog had been engaged to the daughter of Shefqet Bey Verlaci before he became King. Soon after his coronation, however, he broke off the engagement. According to traditional customs of blood vengeance prevalent in Albania at the time, Verlaci had the right to kill Zog. The King made more than a few enemies—rumour had it that he was the subject of over many blood vendettas[6] in addition to Verlaci's—and he frequently surrounded himself with a personal guard and avoided public appearances. He also feared that he might be poisoned, so the Queen Mother assumed supervision of the Royal Kitchen.[6]
During his reign he is reputed to have survived over 55 assassination attempts.[6] One of these occurred on 21 February 1931, whilst Zog was visiting the Vienna State Opera house for a performance of Pagliacci.[6] The attackers struck whilst Zog was getting into his car, and he survived by firing back with a pistol that he always carried. This is the only occasion in modern history when a Head of State has personally exchanged fire with potential assassins.
In April 1938 Zog married Countess Geraldine Apponyi de Nagy-Apponyi, a Roman Catholic aristocrat who was half-Hungarian and half-American. Their only child, HRH Crown Prince Leka, was born in Albania on 5 April 1939.
Relations with Italy
The fascist government of Benito Mussolini's Italy had supported Zog since early in his presidency; that support had led to increased Italian influence in Albanian affairs. The Italians compelled Zog to refuse to renew the First Treaty of Tirana (1926), although Zog still retained British officers in the Gendarmerie as a counterbalance against the Italians, who had pressured Zog to remove them.
During the worldwide depression of the early 1930s Zog's government became almost completely dependent on Mussolini, to the point that the Albanian national bank had its seat in Rome. Grain had to be imported, many Albanians emigrated, and Italian settlers were allowed to settle in Albania. In 1932 and 1933, Albania was unable to pay the interest on its loans from the Society for the Economic Development of Albania, and the Italians used this as a pretext for further dominance. They demanded that Tirana put Italians in charge of the Gendarmerie, join Italy in a customs union, and grant the Italian Kingdom control of Albania's sugar, telegraph, and electrical monopolies. Finally, Italy called for the Albanian government to establish teaching of the Italian language in all Albanian schools, a demand that was swiftly refused by Zog. In defiance of Italian demands, he ordered the national budget to be slashed by 30 percent, dismissed all Italian military advisers, and nationalized Italian-run Roman Catholic schools in the north of Albania to decrease Italian influence on the population of Albania. In 1934, he tried without success to build ties with France, Germany, and the Balkan states, and Albania drifted back into the Italian orbit.
Two days after the birth of his son and heir, on 7 April 1939 (Good Friday), Mussolini's Italy invaded, facing no significant resistance. The Albanian army was ill-equipped to resist, as it was almost entirely dominated by Italian advisors and officers and was no match for the Italian Army. The Italians were, however, resisted by small elements in the gendarmerie and general population. The Royal Family, realising correctly that their lives were in danger, fled into exile. "Oh God, it was so short" were King Zog's last words to Geraldine on Albanian soil. Count Ciano, the Italian Foreign Minister, arrived the following day; on searching the Palace in Tirana, he found the labour room in the Queen's suite; seeing a pile of linen on the floor, stained by the afterbirth, he kicked it across the room. "The cub has escaped!" he said.
Mussolini declared Albania a protectorate under Italy's King Victor Emmanuel III. While some Albanians continued to resist, "a large part of the population ... welcomed the Italians with cheers", according to one contemporary account.[7]
Former crown prince
Prior to the birth of Prince Leka, the position of Heir Presumptive was held by Prince Tati Esad Murad Kryziu, born 24 December 1923 in Tirana, who was the son of the King's sister, Princess Nafije. He became honorary General of the Royal Albanian Army in 1928, at age five. He was made Heir Presumptive with the style of His Highness and title of "Prince of Kosova" (Princ i Kosoves) in 1931. After the Royal House's exile, he moved to France, where he died in August 1993.
Life in exile
The royal family settled in England, first at The Ritz in London, followed by a brief stay in the Sunninghill/south Ascot area in Berkshire in 1941 (near where Zog's nieces had been at school in Ascot). In 1941 they moved to Parmoor House, Parmoor, near Frieth in Buckinghamshire with some staff of the court living in locations around Lane End.[8]
In 1946, King Zog and most of his family left England and went to live in Egypt at the behest of King Farouk, who was overthrown in 1952. The family left for France in 1955.
In 1951, Zog bought the Knollwood estate in Muttontown, New York, USA. The sixty-room estate was never occupied and Zog sold the estate in 1955.
Zog finally chose to make his home in France. He died in the Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, Hauts-de-Seine[2] on 9 April 1961 at the age of 65 after being seriously ill for some time. He was survived by his wife and son, and is buried at the Thiais Cemetery in Paris. On his death, his son Leka was pronounced H.M. King Leka of the Albanians by the exiled Albanian community.
His widow, Queen Geraldine, died of natural causes in 2002 at the age of 87 in a military hospital in Tirana, Albania.
Political legacy
During World War II, there were three resistance groups operating in Albania: the nationalists, the royalists and the communists. Some of the Albanian establishment opted for collaboration. The partisans would not co-operate with the other resistance groups and took control of the country. They were able to defeat the last Nazi remnants as the war ended, with the help of British arms and aid.
Zog attempted to reclaim his throne after the war. Sponsored by the British, some forces loyal to Zog attempted to mount invasions but were continually ambushed due to intelligence sent to the Soviet Union by spy Kim Philby—Albania now had a Communist government led by Enver Hoxha, who remained in power for 45 years. A referendum in 1997 proposed to restore the monarchy in the person of Zog's son Leka Zogu who, since 1961, has been styled "Leka I, King of the Albanians". The official results stated that about two-thirds of voters favoured a continued republican government. HM King Leka, believing the result to be fraudulent, attempted an armed uprising: he was unsuccessful and was forced into exile, although he later returned and now lives in Tirana.
A main street in Tirana was later renamed "Boulevard Zog I" by the Albanian government.
See also
- Royal Albanian Army
- Zogist salute
- History of Albania
- Self-proclaimed monarchy
References
Bibliography
- Fischer, Bernd. King Zog and the Struggle for Stability in Albania, (East European Monographs, Boulder, 1984)
- Pearson, O.S. Albania and King Zog I.B. Tauris. 2005 (ISBN 1-84511-013-7).
- Robyns, Gwen. Geraldine of the Albanians (ISBN 0-584-11133-9)
- Tomes, Jason. King Zog, Self-Made Monarch of Albania, 2003 (ISBN 0-7509-3077-2)
- Rees, Neil. A Royal Exile - King Zog & Queen Geraldine of Albania including their wartime exile in the Thames Valley and Chilterns, 2010 (ISBN 978-0-9550883-1-5)
Notes
- ↑ Pearson, Owen (2006). Albania in the Twentieth Century: a history. I.B. Tauris. p. 568. ISBN 1845110137.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Royal Ark
- ↑ http://www.royalark.net/Albania/zogu2.htm
- ↑ Pearson, Owen (2004). Albania and King Zog: independence, republic and monarchy 1908-1939. IB Tauris. p. 248. http://books.google.com/books?id=3_Sh3y9IMZAC&pg=PA248&dq=Sh%C3%ABn+Naum&hl=en&ei=6uoCTMeIEISKlwfRtqmiCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6wEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 5/30/2010.
- ↑ Swiss Laws, Greek Patriarch, Time magazine, 15 April 1929
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Shaw, Karl (2005) [2004] (in Czech). Power Mad! [Šílenství mocných]. Praha: Metafora. pp. 31–32. ISBN 80-7359-002-6.
- ↑ "Fascist Soldiers Take over Tirana". The New York Times. 9 April 1939.
- ↑ Naçi collection, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, accessed 27 January 2007
External links
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Zog of Albania
House of Zogu
Born: 8 October 1895 Died: 9 April 1961 |
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| Political offices | ||
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| Preceded by Xhafer Ypi |
Prime Minister of Albania 1922–1924 |
Succeeded by Shefqet Bej Verlaci |
| Preceded by Ilias Bej Vrioni |
Prime Minister of Albania 1925 |
Vacant
Title next held by
Koço Kota |
| New title | President of Albania 1925–1928 |
Vacant
Title next held by
Omer Nishani |
| Regnal titles | ||
| Vacant
Title last held by
William of Wiedas Prince of Albania |
King of the Albanians 1928–1939 |
Succeeded by Victor Emmanuel III (Italian occupation) |
| Preceded by Xhemal Pasha Zogu |
Hereditary Governor of Mati 1911–1939 |
Succeeded by Leka Zogu |
| Titles in pretence | ||
| Loss of title Italian invasion, communist regime
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— TITULAR — King of the Albanians 1939–1961 |
Succeeded by Leka Zogu |
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